UNICEF

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

United Nations Children's Fund
AbbreviationUNICEF
TypeFund
Legal statusActive 11 December 1946; 77 years ago (1946-12-11) (as United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund)
HeadquartersNew York City, New York, U.S.
Executive Director
Catherine M. Russell
Parent organization
United Nations General Assembly
United Nations Economic and Social Council
Websitewww.unicef.org

UNICEF (/ˈjuːniˌsɛf/ YOO-nee-SEF), originally called the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund in full, now officially United Nations Children's Fund,[a] is an agency of the United Nations responsible for providing humanitarian and developmental aid to children worldwide.[3][4] The organization is one of the most widely known and visible social welfare entities globally, operating in 192 countries and territories.[5] UNICEF's activities include providing immunizations and disease prevention, administering treatment for children and mothers with HIV, enhancing childhood and maternal nutrition, improving sanitation, promoting education, and providing emergency relief in response to disasters.[6]

UNICEF is the successor of the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, created on 11 December 1946, in New York, by the U.N. Relief Rehabilitation Administration to provide immediate relief to children and mothers affected by World War II. The same year, the U.N. General Assembly established UNICEF to further institutionalize post-war relief work.[7] In 1950, its mandate was extended to address the long-term needs of children and women, particularly in developing countries. In 1953, the organization became a permanent part of the United Nations System, and its name was subsequently changed to its current form, though it retains the original acronym.[1]

UNICEF relies entirely on voluntary contributions from governments and private donors. Its total income as of 2023 was $8.37 billion; of which public-sector partners contributed $5.45 billion.[8] It is governed by a 36-member executive board that establishes policies, approves programs, and oversees administrative and financial plans. The board is made up of government representatives elected by the United Nations Economic and Social Council, usually for three-year terms.

UNICEF's programs emphasize developing community-level services to promote the health and well-being of children. Most of its work is in the field, with a network that includes 150 country offices, headquarters and other facilities, and 34 "national committees" that carry out its mission through programs developed with host governments. Seven regional offices provide technical assistance to country offices as needed, while its Supply Division—based in the cities of Copenhagen and New York—helps provide over $3 billion in critical aid and services.[9]

In 2018, UNICEF assisted in the birth of 27 million babies, administered pentavalent vaccines to an estimated 65.5 million children, provided education for 12 million children, treated four million children with severe acute malnutrition, and responded to 285 humanitarian emergencies in 90 countries.[10] UNICEF has received recognition for its work, including the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965, the Indira Gandhi Prize in 1989 and the Princess of Asturias Award in 2006. During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, UNICEF, along with the World Health Organization and other agencies, published guidance about healthy parenting.[11]

History of formation[edit]

Creation[edit]

As early as September 1943, Polish health specialist Ludwik Rajchman suggested in an article published in Free World entitled "A United Nations Health Service—Why not?" that a health service should be incorporated into the future international organization. He also proposed a "health tax" paid by member states.[12]

At the 1948 dissolution of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), Rajchman proposed to use its residual funds for a child-feeding program beneficiary of US funding.[13] The organization was created by resolution 57(I) of the United Nations General Assembly on 11 December 1946 and named United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF). As its first chairman, Rajchman chose Maurice Pate of the Commission for Relief in Belgium to direct the agency and "to think about organizing an action, a fund for the benefit of children, war victims chiefly."[13] Rajchman, as head of a special UN subcommittee and with the support of La Guardia, Herbert Hoover and Maurice Pate, presented the resolution to the General assembly.[12] From a temporary emergency relief agency in 1946 providing food and clothing to children and mothers displaced by World War II, the agency became a permanent UN Organization in 1953,[13] and extended its efforts toward general programs of children welfare.

Governance[edit]

UNICEF-care tent in Sudan

UNICEF relies on country offices to help carry out its work through a unique program of cooperation developed with the host government. The programs seeks to develop practical strategies for fulfilling and protecting the rights of children and women. Regional offices guide this work and provide technical assistance to country offices as needed. Overall management and administration of the organization take place at its headquarters in New York City.

Guiding and monitoring all of UNICEF's work is an executive board made up of 36 members who are government representatives. The board establishes policies, approves programs and decides on administrative and financial plans and budgets. Its work is coordinated by the bureau, comprising the president and four vice-presidents, each officer representing one of the five regional groups. These five officers are elected by the executive board annually from among its members, with the presidency rotating among the regional groups on an annual basis. As a matter of custom, permanent members of the Security Council do not serve as officers of the executive board.

The office of the secretary of the executive board helps maintain an effective relationship between the executive board and the UNICEF secretariat, and organizes field visits by board members.[14][15][16]

UNICEF Regional Offices[edit]

The following countries are home to UNICEF Regional Offices.[17]

UNICEF national committees[edit]

See also: List of UNICEF national committees

There are national committees in 34 countries, each established as an independent local non-governmental organization. Their primary function is to raise funds from the private sector, as UNICEF is entirely dependent on voluntary contributions.[18] National committees collectively account for about one-third of the agency's annual income, including from corporations, civil society organizations, around six million individual donors worldwide.

Promotion and fundraising[edit]

In the United States, Nepal and some other countries, UNICEF is known for its "Trick-Or-Treat for UNICEF" program in which children collect money for UNICEF from the houses they trick-or-treat on Halloween night, sometimes instead of candy. The program was discontinued in Canada in 2006.[19]

UNICEF is present in 191 countries and territories around the world, but not involved in nine others (Bahamas, Brunei, Cyprus, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Malta, Mauritius, Monaco, Singapore, and Taiwan).[20]

Many people in developed countries first hear about UNICEF's work through the activities of one of the 36 national committees for UNICEF. These non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are primarily responsible for fundraising, selling UNICEF greeting cards and products, creating private and public partnerships, advocating for children's rights, and providing other support. The US Fund for UNICEF is the oldest of the national committees, founded in 1946.[21]

On 19 April 2007, Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg was appointed UNICEF Eminent Advocate for Children,[22] in which role she has visited Brazil (2007),[23] China (2008),[24] and Burundi (2009).[25]

In 2009, the British retailer Tesco used "Change for Good" as advertising, which is trademarked by UNICEF for charity usage but not for commercial or retail use. This prompted the agency to say, "it is the first time in Unicef's history that a commercial entity has purposely set out to capitalize on one of our campaigns and subsequently damage an income stream which several of our programs for children are dependent on". They went on to call on the public "who have children's welfare at heart, to consider carefully who they support when making consumer choices".[26][27] "Change for Good" is also supported by Australian airline Qantas, relying on passengers to fundraise via a given envelope since 1991, and has raised over $36 million, with over 19,500 kg of coins every year.[28] Frequent flyers can also redeem their mile points to donate.[29] Norman Gillespie, UNICEF Australia's chief executive, said "If every Qantas passenger traveling domestically gave us just a few of their forgotten coins each time they traveled it would make little difference to their day, but a world of difference in saving children's lives."[30]

Sponsorship[edit]

In 2003, UNICEF sponsored Italian football club Piacenza Calcio 1919 until 2008.

Lionel Messi sporting the FC Barcelona Jersey with UNICEF sponsosrship

On 7 September 2006, an agreement between UNICEF and the Spanish Catalan association football club FC Barcelona was reached whereby the club would donate €1.5 million per year to the organization for five years. As part of the agreement, FC Barcelona would wear the UNICEF logo on the front of their uniforms in yellow (as seen in the picture on the right of Lionel Messi).[31] This was the first time a football club sponsored an organization rather than the other way around. It was also the first time in FC Barcelona's history that they have had another organization's name across the front of their uniform. In 2016, the team signed a new four-year sponsorship deal with UNICEF guaranteeing the organization £1.58 million per year and free advertising. From 2022 onwards, Barcelona has made a partnership with Swedish company Spotify and has since put the UNHCR logo in gold at the bottom of the back of their jerseys.[32]

In January 2007 UNICEF struck a partnership with Canada's national tent pegging team. The team was officially re-flagged as "UNICEF Team Canada", and its riders wear UNICEF's logo in competition, and team members promote and raise funds for UNICEF's campaign against childhood HIV-AIDS.[33]

The Swedish club Hammarby IF followed the Spanish and Canadian lead on 14 April 2007,[34] also raising funds for UNICEF and displaying the UNICEF name on their sportswear. The Danish football club Brøndby IF participated in a similar arrangement from 2008 to 2013.[35]

In 2007, NASCAR driver Jacques Villeneuve has occasionally placed the UNICEF logo on the #27 Bill Davis Racing pickup truck in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series.[36]

Australian A-League club Sydney FC announced they would also enter into a partnership with UNICEF raising funds for children in the Asia-Pacific region, and would also display the UNICEF logo for the remainder of the 2011-12 A-League season.[37]

In Botswana, UNICEF has funded the development of new state-of-the-art HIV/AIDS education for every schoolchild in Botswana from nonprofit organization TeachAids.[38]

UNICEF announced a landmark partnership with Scottish club Rangers F.C. UNICEF partnered with the Rangers Charity Foundation and pledged to raise £300,000 by 2011.[39]

In 2010, UNICEF created a partnership with Phi Iota Alpha, making them the first Greek Lettered Organization UNICEF has ever worked with. In 2011, Phi Iota Alpha raised over $20,000 for the Tap Project and the Trick or Treats for UNICEF Campaign.

In 2013, they agreed a contract with Greek association football champions Olympiacos F.C. who will show the organization's logo on the front of their shirts.

UNICEF Kid Power[edit]

Main article: UNICEF Kid Power

Started in 2015, Kid Power is a division of UNICEF that was created as an effort to involve kids in helping other kids in need. UNICEF Kid Power developed the world's first "Wearable for Good",[40] called Kid Power Bands,[41] which is a kids' fitness tracker bracelet that connects to a smartphone app. The app lets users complete missions, which counts total steps and awards points. The points then unlock funding from partners, which is then used by UNICEF to deliver lifesaving packets of therapeutic food to severely malnourished children around the world.

Trick-or-Treat UNICEF box[edit]

Main article: Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF

Since 1950, when a group of children in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, donated $17 which they received on Halloween to help post-World War II victims, the Trick-or-Treat UNICEF box has become a tradition in North America during the fall.[42] These small orange boxes are handed to children at schools and other locations before 31 October. As of 2012, the Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF campaign has collected approximately C$91 million in Canada and over US$167 million in the U.S..[43]

Cartoons for Children's Rights[edit]

Main article: Cartoons for Children's Rights

Cartoons for Children's Rights is the collection of animated shorts based on UNICEF's Convention on the Rights of the Child. In 1994, UNICEF held a summit encouraging animation studios around the world to create individual animated spots demonstrating the international rights of children.

Corporate partnership[edit]

To raise money to support its Education and Literacy Programs, UNICEF collaborates with companies worldwide – international as well as small- and medium-sized businesses.

Since 2004, the organization has been supported by Montblanc, working collaboratively to help the world's children getting better access to education.[44]

According to Vaccine News Daily, Merck & Co. partnered with UNICEF in June 2013 to decrease maternal mortality, HIV and tuberculosis prevalence in South Africa. Merck's program "Merck for Mothers" will give US$500 million worldwide for programs that improve health for expectant mothers and their children.[45]

In May 2010, Crucell N.V. announced an additional US$110 million award from UNICEF to supply its pentavalent pediatric vaccine Quinvaxem to the developing world.[46]

Corporate social responsibility[edit]

UNICEF works directly with companies to improve their business practices, bringing them in line with obligations under international law, and ensuring that they respect children's rights in the realms of the marketplace, workplace, and the community. In 2012, UNICEF worked with Save the Children and The United Nations Global Compact to develop the Children's Rights and Business Principles and now these guidelines form the basis of UNICEF's advice to companies. UNICEF works with companies seeking to improve their social sustainability by guiding them through a due diligence process where issues throughout their supply chain, such as child labour, can be identified and actions to ratify them are put in place.[47]

UNICEF's timely responses to the increasing humanitarian needs in the State of Palestine have contributed to reaching more than 32,000 affected people. In 2023, UNICEF requires US$23.8 million for critical humanitarian services in the State of Palestine (SoP), out of which 38 percent has been received.[48]

Girl Star[edit]

The Girl Star[49] project is a series of films which documents stories of girls from the most disadvantaged communities across five northern states in India who, through via education, have managed to break socio-economic constraints to make a success of their lives and became self-sufficient. These young women have grown to become role models in their communities, inspiring younger girls to go to school and continue their education. They have selected professions from the most conventional such as teaching and nursing to the most unconventional like archery, bee-keeping, scrap management[clarification needed], often entering what has traditionally been a man's domain.

Kids United[edit]

Main article: Kids United

Kids United, succeeded by Kids United Nouvelle Génération (Kids United New Generation), is a French musical group consisting of five children born between 2000 and 2009 (six children when the group was originally formed). Erza Muqoli was a founding member. It was created to support UNICEF campaigns and is sponsored by Hélène Ségara and Corneille, two francophone singers. The first album, Un monde meilleur (A better world), was launched on Universal Children's Day in 2015 and received gold certification in France. The second album, Tout le bonheur du monde (All the happiness in the world), was released in 2016 and was certified 2× platinum. The group released its third album in 2017, Forever United. After becoming Kids United Nouvelle Génération, it released its fourth album in 2018 Au bout de nos rêves (At the end of our dreams), and its fifth album in 2019, L'hymne de la vie (The hymn of life). The group remains active and has achieved great success within Francophonic countries.

U-report[edit]

U-Report is a free SMS social monitoring tool and real-time information system for community participation, designed to strengthen community-led development, citizen engagement, and positive change. SMS polls and alerts are sent out to U-reporters and real-time response information is collected. Results and ideas are shared back with the community. Issues polled include among others health, education, water, sanitation and hygiene, youth unemployment, HIV/ AIDS, disease outbreaks; social welfare sectors. The initiative is currently operational in 68 countries and covers more than 11 million people.

Rugby League World Cup 2021[edit]

On 19 June 2019 the 2021 Rugby League World Cup (England) announced that UNICEF would become the official tournament charity.[50][51] The announcement was made at Mansion House, London[52] as part of a launch event for the Rugby League World Cup legacy program called 'Inspired by RLWC2021'. The partnership aims to use the power of sport to raise awareness and funds for UNICEF's work protecting children in danger around the world.

In addition to the general promotion of the charity at matches and events, the 2021 Rugby League World Cup Chief Executive has also stated that there will be an officially designated "UNICEF" game at some point during the Men's World Cup.

Celebrity ambassadors[edit]

Main article: List of UNICEF Goodwill Ambassadors

UNICEF Ambassadors are leaders in the entertainment industry, representing the fields of film, television, music, sports and beyond. They help raise awareness of the needs of children, and use their talent and status to fundraise, advocate, and educate on behalf of UNICEF.[53]

Facilities[edit]

One of the gates to the old UNICEF World Warehouse
UNICEF School in a box contains basic educational items for one teacher and 40 students.
The UNICEF research centre at the Ospedale degli Innocenti in Florence

UNICEF World Warehouse[edit]

The old UNICEF World Warehouse is a large facility in Denmark, which hosts UNICEF deliverable goods as well as co-hosts emergency goods for United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). Until 2012 the facility was a 25,000m2 warehouse at Marmormolen in Copenhagen. With construction of a 45,000m2 UN City that is to house all UN activities in Copenhagen under one roof,[54] the warehouse service has been relocated to outer parts of the Freeport of Copenhagen. The facility houses the UNICEF Supply Division which manages strategic hubs in Dubai, Douala, and Colón.[9]

The warehouse contains a variety of items, such as food supplements, water purification tablets, dietary and vitamin supplements, and the "School in a box" (pictured right).[clarification needed][citation needed]

UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre[edit]

The UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre was established in 1988. It is based at the Ospedale degli Innocenti historic building in Florence, Italy.[55]

The centre was created to strengthen UNICEF's research capability and to support its advocacy for children worldwide. It is the research arm of UNICEF, and is part of the Office of Research. The Office of Research has as its prime objectives to improve international understanding of issues relating to children's rights, to promote economic policies that advance the cause of children, and to help facilitate the full implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in 190 countries and territories.[56]

UNICEF Innocenti develops its research agenda in consultation with other parts of UNICEF and with external stakeholders.

The program reaffirms the centre's academic freedom and the focus of IRC's research on knowledge gaps, emerging questions and sensitive issues which are relevant to the realization of children's rights, in developing and industrialized countries. It capitalizes on IRC's role as an interface between UNICEF field experience, international experts, research networks and policy makers and is designed to strengthen the centre's institutional collaboration with regional academic and policy institutions, pursuing the following goals:

  • Generation and communication of strategic and influential knowledge on issues affecting children and the realization of their rights;
  • Knowledge exchange and brokering;
  • Support to UNICEF's advocacy, policy's and program development in support of the Millennium Agenda;
  • Securing and strengthening the centre's institutional and financial basis.

Three interrelated strategies guide the achievement of these goals:

  • Evidence-based analysis drawing on quantitative and qualitative information, the application of appropriate methodologies, and the development of recommendations to assess and inform advocacy and policy action.
  • Enhanced partnerships with research and policy institutions and development actors, globally and at regional level, in developing and industrialized countries.
  • Communication and leveraging of research findings and recommendations to support policy development and advocacy initiatives through strategic dissemination of studies and contribution to relevant events and fora.[57]

Position on ethical themes[edit]

UNICEF's programmatic objectives include the promotion of safe abortions[58] and education in family planning and in the use of contraception.[59][60] To this end, it is one of the co-sponsors of the Special Programme on Human Reproduction.[61]

In a joint declaration of 2011,[62] UNICEF argued the need to combat the spread of selective abortion, through plans that favored, inter alia, the use of safe abortion services and family planning programs in order to decrease the use of abortion.

In 2013, together with WHO, it published an integrated plan of guidelines for the prevention of infant mortality caused by pneumonia and diarrhea, including, among the recommended strategies for promoting the health of women and children, access to safe abortion.[63]

UNICEF has adopted the ABC strategy ("abstinence, be faithful and consistent condom use") promoted in various international AIDS prevention interventions.[64] The strategy was later updated as the "ABC to Z model", to include Delaying and Voluntary Counselling & Testing.[65]

In 1996 the Vatican withdrew its symbolic contribution to UNICEF on the occasion of the publication by UNICEF of a manual on emergency operations for refugee populations which supported the spread of emergency contraceptive practices.[66][67][68]

Despite this, on several occasions senior UNICEF officials have denied that the organization promoted abortion or family planning methods.[69][70]

UNICEF also supports the adoption by states of laws that guarantee LGBT couples and their children the legal recognition of their status, as these rules would help ensure the best interests of children.[71]

Controversies[edit]

Adoption program[edit]

UNICEF has a policy preferring orphanages only be used as temporary accommodation for children when there is no alternative. UNICEF has historically opposed the creation of large-scale, permanent orphanages for children, preferring instead to find children places in their (extended) families and communities, wherever possible. This has led UNICEF to be skeptical of international adoption efforts as a solution to child care problems in developing countries; UNICEF has preferred to see children cared for in their birth countries rather than be adopted by foreign parents.[72][73]

A 2013 article in U.S. News & World Report magazine asserted UNICEF's intervention that on giving large cash payments to developing countries can lead to a cessation of international adoptions until all of its recommendations are in place, and have even labelled UNICEF a "villain" for the extent of its negative impact on orphans.[74]

Child mortality[edit]

One concern is that the child mortality rate has not decreased in some areas as rapidly as had been planned, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, where in 2013 "the region still has the highest child mortality rate: 92 deaths per 1000 live births",[75] and that "Globally, nearly half of under-five deaths are attributable to undernutrition."

In 2005, Richard Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, editorialized that "over 60% of these deaths were and remain preventable" and that the coverage levels for these interventions are "appallingly low in the 42 countries that account for 90% of child deaths".[76]

A $27 million UNICEF program in West Africa in 2001–2005 which was meant to decrease child deaths from disease has been deemed a failure, according to a study that found higher survival rates of children in some regions that weren't included in that program.[77]

Critics argue that UNICEF's focus on rights rather than safety and survival is idealistic, and that by focusing on politicized children's rights instead of mere child survival, UNICEF has contributed indirectly to the child mortality crisis.[78]

Mismanagement and abuse of funding[edit]

In 1995, in what was called "the worst scandal in its history", UNICEF disclosed that 24 employees in its Kenya office stole or squandered $10-million; this fraud consumed more than a quarter of the UNICEF's $37-million two-year budget for Kenya.[79]

In Germany, in the late 2000s, UNICEF was accused of mismanagement, abuse and waste of funds.[80] This has resulted in 5,000 of UNICEF regular donors abandoning their support from the charity, and politicians and public figures, including Angela Merkel, demanding explanations, and the chairwoman of UNICEF Germany resigning in 2008.[81]

In 2012, UNICEF confirmed fraud in a Pakistan school rehabilitation project, where an estimated US$4 million was lost when funds were misappropriated.[82][83]

NSA surveillance[edit]

Further information: Global surveillance disclosure

Documents released by Edward Snowden in December 2013 showed that UNICEF was among the surveillance targets of British and American intelligence agencies.[84]

Sexual assault[edit]

Press reports in 2020 disclosed that women in the Democratic Republic of Congo accused foreign aid workers, including UNICEF workers, of sexually assaulting them. The World Health Organization described the alleged actions as reprehensible and a UNICEF spokesperson acknowledged that such sexual assault cases are underreported in the region.[85] Prior to this, in 2018, UNICEF was hit by a wave of sexual misconduct accusations; in 2018, deputy director Justin Forsyth resigned from UNICEF following allegations that he behaved inappropriately toward female staff members.[86][87]

UNICEF has also admitted to shortcomings in its humanitarian support of children who said that they were raped and sexually abused by French peacekeepers in Central African Republic.[88]

Peter Newell, a convicted child sex offender, has worked closely with UNICEF: he managed a charity that received hundreds of thousand of pounds from the NSPCC, Barnardo's, Save the Children and UNICEF; and cowrote a manual on children's rights called Implementation Handbook for the Convention on the Rights of the Child for Unicef, which was published by UNICEF.[89][90]

Andrew MacLeod, the former chief of operations at the UN's Emergency Co-ordination Center, had accused UNICEF of failure to take action to prevent abuses; he stated "There are tens of thousands of aid workers around the world with pedophile tendencies, but if you wear a UNICEF T-shirt, nobody will ask what you're up to."[91][92]

Funding of UK food charities[edit]

In December 2020, UNICEF made funding available to feed children in the UK for the first time as part of its Food Power for Generation COVID initiative. UNICEF pledged £25,000 to School Food Matters, a south London charity, to help feed children over the Christmas holidays. A partnership of Devon charities had also been given £24,000 to help feed 120 families over the winter of 2020. UNICEF said it was helping children in the UK because of an increase in food poverty in Britain, caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. It estimates there are children going hungry in a fifth of households. Anna Kettley, from UNICEF said "We are one of the richest countries in the world and we should not have to be relying on food banks or food aid." Labour MP Zarah Sultana in the House of Commons said, "For the first time ever, UNICEF, the UN agency responsible for providing humanitarian aid to children, is having to feed working-class kids in the UK but while children go hungry, a wealthy few enjoy obscene riches." In response, Jacob Rees-Mogg, Tory MP and Leader of the House of Commons said, "I think it is a real scandal that UNICEF should be playing politics in this way when it is meant to be looking after people in the poorest, the most deprived, countries of the world where people are starving, where there are famines and where there are civil wars, and they make cheap political points of this kind, giving, I think, 25,000 to one council. It is a political stunt of the lowest order. UNICEF should be ashamed of itself." Chris Forster, from Transforming Plymouth Together, one of the Devon charities to benefit from UNICEF donations, said, "We had one family as part of the deliveries last week literally in tears with gratitude because their cupboard was bare." Scottish National Party MP, Tommy Sheppard said, "It is astonishing that these comments are coming from the same government that had to be publicly shamed into following Scotland's lead and providing free school meals for children over the holidays." LBC reported that the UN humanitarian aid agency are providing over £700,000 to feed hungry children in the UK.[93]

"Digital Age Assurance Tools and Children's Rights Online across the Globe" report[edit]

In 2021, UNICEF published a report called "Digital Age Assurance Tools and Children's Rights Online across the Globe".[94] The paper, focusing on human rights and digital tools, generated controversy after misleading claims and headlines about the report were spread online, originating from a story by the conservative Center for Family and Human Rights.[94] The fact-checking website Snopes rated the claim that the "report said pornography is not always harmful to children and blocking children from watching pornography online violates their rights" as false.[94] UNICEF pulled down the report, citing misrepresentation of one of its portions.[94]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ The agency's name used to be the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund with the acronym UNICEF. The name was later shortened to the United Nations Children's Fund, but the acronym was kept.[1] The organization makes reference to its acronym in the strapline "The C stands for children".[2]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "About UNICEF – FAQ". UNICEF. What does the acronym UNICEF stand for?. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  2. ^ WiredGov, UNICEF UK launches 'The C stands for children' Campaign, published 27 October 2022, accessed 16 May 2023
  3. ^ "United Nations Children's Fund | United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination". www.unsystem.org. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  4. ^ "UNICEF | Definition, History, & Facts". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  5. ^ "Where we work". www.unicef.org. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  6. ^ Luk Van Wassenhove; Joachim Mikalsen; Charles Delagarde (27 April 2017). "Agility Under Pressure". Insead.
  7. ^ "Learning from experience: 1946–1979". www.unicef.org. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  8. ^ "UNICEF Integrated Budget 2018–2021" (PDF). 23 June 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 January 2018.
  9. ^ a b "Supplies and Logistics". UNICEF. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  10. ^ "UNICEF annual report 2018". www.unicef.org. 11 June 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  11. ^ "Interim Guidance for COVID-19 Prevention and Control in Schools". unicef.org. 10 March 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
  12. ^ a b Balinska, Marta Alexandra. "Ludwik Rajchman: international health leader." World health forum 1991; 12 (4): 456–465. 1991.
  13. ^ a b c Morris, Jennifer M. The Origins of UNICEF, 1946–1953. Lexington Books, 2015. p.35
  14. ^ "How UNICEF works". UNICEF. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  15. ^ "Home". UNICEF. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  16. ^ "Bureau". UNICEF. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  17. ^ "UNICEF Regional Offices". UNICEF. 27 September 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  18. ^ Presentation – UNICEF's Resource Development Architecture Key Trends and Challenges Archived 11 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine. UNICEF. Retrieved on 2014-10-21.
  19. ^ "UNICEF ends Halloween program in Canada". CBC News. 30 May 2006. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  20. ^ "Information by country". UNICEF. 17 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  21. ^ US Fund for UNICEF, unicefusa.org Archived 24 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Press center – HRH Grand Duchess of Luxembourg becomes Eminent Advocate for Children. UNICEF. Retrieved on 2012-03-26.
  23. ^ Brazil – UNICEF Eminent Advocate for Children visits AIDS projects in São Paulo. UNICEF. Retrieved on 2012-03-26.
  24. ^ China – Summer camp aims to help children in China affected by AIDS. UNICEF. Retrieved on 2012-03-26.
  25. ^ Burundi – Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg visits Burundi Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. UNICEF. Retrieved on 2012-03-26.
  26. ^ "Unicef accuses Tesco of misusing charity slogan". The Irish Times, 25 July 2009 (2009-07-07). Retrieved on 2012-03-26.
  27. ^ Tesco in clash with UNICEF – Irish, Business. Independent. ie. 26 July 2009. Retrieved on 2012-03-26.
  28. ^ "Community partnerships | Qantas AU". www.qantas.com. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  29. ^ "| oneworld". www.oneworld.com. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  30. ^ "Unicef & Qantas Launch New Campaign – Save A Child With The Power Of Five". ttwasia.com. 19 May 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  31. ^ "Futbol Club Barcelona, UNICEF team up for children in global partnership". UNICEF. 7 September 2006. Archived from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  32. ^ "FC Barcelona Kits to Feature UNHCR Logo Instead Of UNICEF For Next Four Years". footyheadlines.com. 24 March 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  33. ^ "Tent Pegging with UNICEF Team Canada". maharaj.org. Retrieved 19 July 2022.[unreliable source?]
  34. ^ UNICEF, Hammarby strikes partnership [permanent dead link], hammarbyfotboll.se (in Swedish)
  35. ^ "UNICEF". 17 October 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  36. ^ Mejia, Diego (5 October 2007). "Grapevine: Villenueuve to Race for UNICEF". Autosport.
  37. ^ "Sydney FC and UNICEF do the rights things to improve child rights throughout Asia". UNICEF. 20 February 2012. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
  38. ^ "UNICEF funds TeachAIDS work in Botswana". TeachAids. 2 June 2010. Retrieved 16 December 2010.
  39. ^ "International Charity Partner – UNICEF". Rangers Charity Foundation. 10 September 2010. Retrieved 4 May 2011.
  40. ^ Rhodes, Margaret (20 October 2015). "Digital Humanitarian Missions: UNICEF Kid Power". Wired.
  41. ^ "UNICEF Kid Power Bands". UNICEF Kid Power.
  42. ^ Smylie, James H. (1 January 2001). "Presbyterians initiated UNICEF's 'Trick-or-Treat' program 50 years ago". The Presbyterian Outlook. Archived from the original on 28 November 2010.
  43. ^ "Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF". unicefusa.org. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013.
  44. ^ "Montblanc | UNICEF's corporate partnerships". UNICEF. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  45. ^ Rogers, Emma (4 June 2013). "Merck for Mothers contributes to UNICEF's South African efforts". Vaccine News Daily. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
  46. ^ "Crucell announces new award of $110 million for paediatric vaccine Quinvaxem by UNICEF". Leiden Bio Science Park. 10 May 2010. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014.
  47. ^ "Corporate Social Responsibility – Home". UNICEF. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  48. ^ "UNICEF State of Palestine Humanitarian Situation Report No. 2 (Mid-Year): 1 January to 30 June 2023 - occupied Palestinian territory | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 27 September 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
  49. ^ "UNICEF India – Media center – Girl Star Project". Unicef.org. 22 November 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  50. ^ "Rugby League World Cup 2021 Partners With Unicef UK". Unicef UK. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  51. ^ "Rugby League World Cup 2021". www.rlwc2021.com. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  52. ^ 'Inspired by 2021' Legacy Programme and UNICEF Partnership Announcement, archived from the original on 29 October 2021, retrieved 13 August 2019
  53. ^ "UNICEF Ambassadors". UNICEF:United States Fund. UNICEF. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  54. ^ By & Havn. "FN Byen" (in Danish). Archived from the original on 1 September 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  55. ^ "History of Innocenti". UNICEF Innocenti. 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  56. ^ Innocenti, UNICEF Office of Research-. "FAQS". UNICEF-IRC. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  57. ^ Innocenti Research Centre, UNICEF-irc.org
  58. ^ "Son preference perpetuates discrimination and violations of women's rights – it must and can end". UNICEF. Archived from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  59. ^ "WHO | Current HRP projects". WHO. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  60. ^ "UNICEF". The Lepanto Institute. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  61. ^ "sexual and reproductive health and research-SHR". Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  62. ^ "Preventing gender-biased sex selection" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 December 2014.
  63. ^ "Ending Preventable Child Deaths from Pneumonia and Diarrhoea by 2025" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  64. ^ UNICEF; HIV/AIDS, Joint United Nations Programme on (2002). Young People and HIV/AIDS: Opportunity in Crisis. The Stationery Office. ISBN 978-0-11-987820-2. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  65. ^ UNICEF (2005). "Simple as ABC? Re-examining HIV Prevention for Youth" (PDF).[permanent dead link]
  66. ^ Miller, Patricia (20 May 2014). Good Catholics: The Battle over Abortion in the Catholic Church. Univ of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-95827-2. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  67. ^ "Holy See gets tough on UNICEF". The Irish Times. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  68. ^ Deen, T. (1992). "UNICEF supports birth control despite Holy See". Popline. 14: 3–4. PMID 12317622.
  69. ^ "UNICEF And Abortion". The Irish Times. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  70. ^ "UNICEF e aborto, un chiarimento necessario". www.unicef.it (in Italian). Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  71. ^ "ELIMINATING DISCRIMINATION AGAINST CHILDREN AND PARENTS BASED ON SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND/ OR GENDER IDENTITY" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2016.
  72. ^ "Bartholet article on human rights and adoption" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 July 2010.
  73. ^ "Both Ends Burning". Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  74. ^ Peter Roff. "Bureaucracy Keeps Adopted Children Stuck in International Limbo – US News". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  75. ^ Danzhen You, Lucia Hug and Yao Chen, "Levels and Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2014: Estimates Developed by the UN Interagency Group for Child mortality Estimation" Archived 2015-08-14 at the Wayback Machine. Published by the United Nations Children's Fund, The World Bank, the World Health Organization and the United Nations Population Division, 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2015. p. 1.
  76. ^ Horton, Richard (2004). "UNICEF leadership 2005–2015: a call for strategic change". The Lancet. 364 (9451): 2071–2074. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17560-0. PMID 15589292. S2CID 42522736.
  77. ^ "UNICEF program failed to save children: study | CBC News". CBC. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  78. ^ "UNICEF's 'Rights' Focus Is All Wrong | Wendy McElroy". The Independent Institute. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  79. ^ "Millions lost to fraud at UNICEF". Tampa Bay Times.
  80. ^ "UNICEF Germany loses a seal of approval". NBC News. 22 February 2008.
  81. ^ "Donors Flee, Criticisms Mount Amid Germany's UNICEF Crisis | DW | 06.02.2008". Deutsche Welle.
  82. ^ Mungcal, Ivy (13 April 2012). "UNICEF confirms fraud in Pakistan school rehabilitation project". devex.com. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  83. ^ "UNICEF concludes investigation into misappropriation of funds in a project in Pakistan - Pakistan | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 13 April 2012.
  84. ^ GCHQ and NSA targeted charities, Germans, Israeli PM and EU chief The Guardian 20 December 2013
  85. ^ "New Report Reveals Sexual Abuse by Aid Workers During DRC's 2019 Ebola Crisis". Statecraft.
  86. ^ "UNICEF in Greece face corruption probe". 24 April 2018.
  87. ^ "UNICEF deputy director resigns after accusations of inappropriate behavior". 22 February 2018.
  88. ^ "Unicef admits failings with child victims of alleged sex abuse by peacekeepers". TheGuardian.com. 13 February 2018.
  89. ^ Correspondent, John Simpson, Crime (31 August 2023). "Paedophile Peter Newell had key role at child charity" – via www.thetimes.co.uk.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  90. ^ "Children's rights activist Peter Newell jailed for abuse". BBC News. 16 February 2018.
  91. ^ "UN staff allegedly responsible for over 60,000 cases of sexual exploitation". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 16 February 2018.
  92. ^ "Aid groups should face tougher action over sex abuse by staff: Experts". Reuters. 7 October 2020.
  93. ^ Multiple sources:
  94. ^ a b c d "No, UNICEF Didn't Say Blocking Kids From Porn Violates Their Rights". Snopes.com. 8 June 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2022.

Links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to
UNICEF
(United Nations Children's Fund).
Awards and achievements
Preceded by Nobel Peace Prize Laureate
1965 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Atatürk International Peace Prize
1996 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UNICEF&oldid=1226978683"